Linux系统安装软件四种方式：
- 绿色安装
- yum安装
- rpm安装
- 源码安装
1. 绿色安装
这种方式最简便，一般提供Compressed Archive压缩文档包，如Java软件的压缩文档包，只需要解压、设置环境变量即可直接使用。
# 下载软件
https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/downloads/
# 新建java软件存放路径
mkdir /opt/java
# 解压
tar -xvf jdk-21_linux-x64_bin.tar.gz -C /opt/java
# 设置环境变量
vim /etc/profile.d/java.sh
JAVA_HOME=/opt/java/jdk-21.0.1/
CLASSPATH=.:$JAVA_HOME/lib
PATH=JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH
export JAVA_HOME CLASSPATH PATH
# 加载环境变量
source /etc/profile.d/java.sh
# 检验java环境是否配置好
java2. yum安装
- 前提条件是有网络
- 需要安装的软件及版本，yum源里刚好有。
# 搜索redis源
yum search redis
# 查看redis详细信息
yum info redis
# 安装redis软件
yum -y install redis
# 查看redis状态
systemctl status redis
# 设置开机自启
systemctl enable redis
# 启动redis服务
systemctl start redis3. rpm安装
需要的软件及版本，只提供了rpm包
3.1 rpm常用命令
# 安装一个包
rpm -ivh 包名
# 升级一个包
rpm -Uvh 包名
# 查询包是否安装
rpm -q 包名
# 查询安装包详情信息
rpm -qi 包名
# 列出服务器上的一个文件属于哪个rpm包
rpm -qf 文件名
# 列出所有安装的rpm包
rpm -qa
# 卸载包
rpm -e 包名[root@centos ~]# rpm --help
Usage: rpm [OPTION...]
Query/Verify package selection options:
-a, --all query/verify all packages
-f, --file query/verify package(s) owning file
-g, --group query/verify package(s) in group
-p, --package query/verify a package file
--pkgid query/verify package(s) with package identifier
--hdrid query/verify package(s) with header identifier
--triggeredby query the package(s) triggered by the package
--whatrequires query/verify the package(s) which require a dependency
--whatprovides query/verify the package(s) which provide a dependency
--nomanifest do not process non-package files as manifests
Query options (with -q or --query):
-c, --configfiles list all configuration files
-d, --docfiles list all documentation files
-L, --licensefiles list all license files
--dump dump basic file information
-l, --list list files in package
--queryformat=QUERYFORMAT use the following query format
-s, --state display the states of the listed files
Verify options (with -V or --verify):
--nofiledigest don't verify digest of files
--nofiles don't verify files in package
--nodeps don't verify package dependencies
--noscript don't execute verify script(s)
Install/Upgrade/Erase options:
--allfiles install all files, even configurations which might otherwise be skipped
--allmatches remove all packages which match <package> (normally an error is generated if
<package> specified multiple packages)
--badreloc relocate files in non-relocatable package
-e, --erase=<package>+ erase (uninstall) package
--excludedocs do not install documentation
--excludepath=<path> skip files with leading component <path>
--force short hand for --replacepkgs --replacefiles
-F, --freshen=<packagefile>+ upgrade package(s) if already installed
-h, --hash print hash marks as package installs (good with -v)
--ignorearch don't verify package architecture
--ignoreos don't verify package operating system
--ignoresize don't check disk space before installing
-i, --install install package(s)
--justdb update the database, but do not modify the filesystem
--nodeps do not verify package dependencies
--nofiledigest don't verify digest of files
--nocontexts don't install file security contexts
--noorder do not reorder package installation to satisfy dependencies
--noscripts do not execute package scriptlet(s)
--notriggers do not execute any scriptlet(s) triggered by this package
--nocollections do not perform any collection actions
--oldpackage upgrade to an old version of the package (--force on upgrades does this
automatically)
--percent print percentages as package installs
--prefix=<dir> relocate the package to <dir>, if relocatable
--relocate=<old>=<new> relocate files from path <old> to <new>
--replacefiles ignore file conflicts between packages
--replacepkgs reinstall if the package is already present
--test don't install, but tell if it would work or not
-U, --upgrade=<packagefile>+ upgrade package(s)
--reinstall=<packagefile>+ reinstall package(s)
Common options for all rpm modes and executables:
-D, --define='MACRO EXPR' define MACRO with value EXPR
--undefine=MACRO undefine MACRO
-E, --eval='EXPR' print macro expansion of EXPR
--macros=<FILE:...> read <FILE:...> instead of default file(s)
--noplugins don't enable any plugins
--nodigest don't verify package digest(s)
--nosignature don't verify package signature(s)
--rcfile=<FILE:...> read <FILE:...> instead of default file(s)
-r, --root=ROOT use ROOT as top level directory (default: "/")
--dbpath=DIRECTORY use database in DIRECTORY
--querytags display known query tags
--showrc display final rpmrc and macro configuration
--quiet provide less detailed output
-v, --verbose provide more detailed output
--version print the version of rpm being used
Options implemented via popt alias/exec:
--scripts list install/erase scriptlets from package(s)
--setperms set permissions of files in a package
--setugids set user/group ownership of files in a package
--setcaps set capabilities of files in a package
--restore restore file/directory permissions
--conflicts list capabilities this package conflicts with
--obsoletes list other packages removed by installing this package
--provides list capabilities that this package provides
--requires list capabilities required by package(s)
--info list descriptive information from package(s)
--changelog list change logs for this package
--xml list metadata in xml
--triggers list trigger scriptlets from package(s)
--last list package(s) by install time, most recent first
--dupes list duplicated packages
--filesbypkg list all files from each package
--fileclass list file names with classes
--filecolor list file names with colors
--fscontext list file names with security context from file system
--fileprovide list file names with provides
--filerequire list file names with requires
--filecaps list file names with POSIX1.e capabilities
Help options:
-?, --help Show this help message
--usage Display brief usage message# 安装java的jdk
rpm -ivh jdk-21_linux-x64_bin.rpm
# 查看安装的jdk
rpm -qa | grep "jdk"
# 忽略依赖关系强制卸载jdk
rpm -evh --nodeps jdk-21-21.0.1-12.x86_644. 源码安装
软件给的是C语言的源代码，需要编译成二进制，再安装。
Linux下安装软件，大型软件docker、oracle一般放/opt目录下；/usr目录一般由软件包管理器（yum、apt）来管理；/usr/local是用户级程序目录，/usr/local/src是用户级存放目录。
以安装nginx为例
# 安装依赖
yum install -y gcc pcre-devel openssl-devel4.1 执行configure脚本
./configure [option…]- 通过选项传递参数，指定安装路径、启用特性等；执行时会参考用户的指定以及Makefile.in文件生成Makefile
- 检查依赖到的外部环境，如依赖的软件包
tar -xvf nginx-1.25.3.tar.gz
cd nginx-1.25.3
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_ssl_module --user=nginx --group=nginx选项说明：
| 选项 | 说明 |
| –prefix=/usr/local/nginx | 编译安装目录。如果没有指定，默认为 /usr/local/程序名 |
| –user=nginx | 所属用户nginx |
| –group=nginx | 所属组nginx |
| –with-http_stub_status_module | 该模块提供nginx的基本状态信息 |
| –with-http_ssl_module | 支持HTTPS |
4.2 编译、安装
# 编译
make - make 根据Makefile文件，会检测依赖的环境，进行构建应用程序
4.3 安装
# 安装
make install- make install 复制文件到相应路径
4.4 操作nginx
# 启动服务
/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
# 重新加载配置文件
/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
# 设置软连接
ln -s /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx /usr/local/sbin/
# 强制停止
nginx -s stop
# 安全退出
nginx -s quit
# 查看进程
ps -ef | grep nginx
# 测试
curl 127.0.0.14.5 创建服务器
编写配置文件
# 编写配置文件
vi /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service
# 写入这些信息
[Unit]
Description=nginx
After=network.target
[Service]
Type=forking
ExecStartPre=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t
ExecStart=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
ExecReload=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
ExecStop=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s quit
PrivateTmp=true
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target使用systemctl管理nginx服务
systemctl enable nginx
systemctl strat nginx
systemctl status nginx </div>